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­　　GRE閱讀題目解析:美國農業土地資源問題

­　　P4

­　　The historian Frederick J. Turner wrote in the 1890‘s that the agrarian discontent that had been developing steadily in the United States since about 1870 had been precipitated by the closing of the internal frontier -- that is, the depletion of available new land needed for further expansion of the American farming system. Actually, however, new lands were taken up for farming in the United States throughout and beyond the nineteenth century. The emphasis of the presumed disappearance of the American frontier obscured the great importance of changes in the conditions and consequences of international trade that occurred during the second half of the nineteenth century. Huge tracts of land were being settled and farmed in Argentina, Australia, Canada, and in the American West, and these areas were joined with one another and with the countries of Europe into an interdependent market system. Consequently, agrarian depressions no longer were local or national in scope, and they struck several nations whose internal frontiers had not vanished or were not about to vanish. Between the early 1870‘s and the 1890‘s, the mounting agrarian discontent in America paralleled the almost uninterrupted decline in the prices of American agricultural products on foreign markets. (198 words)

­　　8. The author is primarily concerned with

­　　(A) showing that a certain interpretation is better supported by the evidence than is an alternative explanation

­　　(B) developing an alternative interpretation by using sources of evidence that formerly had been unavailable

­　　(C) questioning the accuracy of the evidence that most scholars have used to counter the author‘s own interpretation

­　　(D) reviewing the evidence that formerly had been thought to obscure a valid interpretation

­　　(E) presenting evidence in support of a controversial version of an earlier interpretation.

­　　9. According to the author, changes in the conditions of international trade resulted in an

­　　(A) underestimation of the amount of new land that was being famed in the United States

­　　(B) underutilization of relatively small but rich plots of land

­　　(C) overexpansion of the world transportation network for shipping agricultural products

­　　(D) extension of agrarian depressions beyond national boundaries

­　　(E) emphasis on the importance of market forces in determining the prices of agricultural products

­　　10. The author implies that, after certain territories and countries had been joined into an interdependent market system in the nineteenth century, agrarian depressions within that system

­　　(A) spread to several nations, excluding those in which the internal frontier remained open

­　　(B) manifested themselves in several nations, including those in which new land remained available for farming

­　　(C) slowed down the pace of new technological developments in international communications and transportation

­　　(D) affected the local and national prices of the nonagricultural products of several nations

­　　(E) encouraged several nations to sell more of their agricultural products on foreign markets

­　　11. The author‘s argument implies that, compared to the yearly price changes that actually occurred on foreign agricultural markets during the 1880‘s, American farmers would have most preferred yearly price changes that were

­　　(A) much smaller and in the same direction

­　　(B) much smaller but in the opposite direction

­　　(C) slightly smaller and in the same direction

­　　(D) similar in size but in the opposite direction

­　　(E) slightly greater and in the same direction

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­　　P4

­　　1

­　　The historian Frederick J. Turner wrote in the 1890‘s that the agrarian discontent that had been developing steadily in the United States since about 1870 had been precipitated by the closing of the internal frontier -- that is, the depletion of available new land needed for further expansion of the American farming system.

­　　歷史學者 F 于 1890 年代寫道，自 1870 年起就土地問題產生的日益嚴重的不滿情緒，在美國國內邊界被關閉后，突然加速升級 —— 也就是說，可供美國農業系統擴張的，新的土地資源已經耗盡。

­　　(agrarian 土地的，耕地的

­　　precipitate 使突然發生，使加速)

­　　2

­　　Actually, however, new lands were taken up for farming in the United States throughout and beyond the nineteenth century.

­　　然而，實際上整個十九世紀及之后的美國，一直有新的土地被用作農業開發。

­　　3

­　　The emphasis of the presumed disappearance of the American frontier obscured the great importance of changes in the conditions and consequences of international trade that occurred during the second half of the nineteenth century.

­　　美國(國內)開發進度的停滯完全基于推測，單強調這一點掩蓋了十九世紀后半，一系列國際貿易條件和影響的改變的重要意義。

­　　(frontier 一般只國界、邊境，也可以指(某地區內部)已開發地區的邊界、欠發達地區。

­　　從前面論述的內容，我們大致可以推斷，本文在講農村的不滿情緒而不是領土爭端，那么 American frontier 肯定不是美國或美洲的外部國界。frontier 消失，可以理解為一個國家內部沒有新的土地可供農業開發，我把它意譯為農業 “ 開發進度的停滯 ”，不再繼續推進了 。

­　　作者寫到這里，用證據反駁了學者 F 的觀點，frontier 沒有關閉，也就暗示著農民的不滿情緒有其他原因。后半段文章作者會提出他對這種不滿情緒的解釋。)

­　　4

­　　Huge tracts of land were being settled and farmed in Argentina, Australia, Canada, and in the American West, and these areas were joined with one another and with the countries of Europe into an interdependent market system.

­　　在阿根廷，澳洲，加拿大和美國西部，大片土地被殖民和開墾，這些地區和歐洲國家共同組成了一個互相依存的市場體系。

­　　5

­　　Consequently, agrarian depressions no longer were local or national in scope, and they struck several nations whose internal frontiers had not vanished or were not about to vanish.

­　　因此，農業蕭條不再限于某地區或國家，進而波及了若干國內土地資源尚未耗盡或不會耗盡的國家。

­　　6

­　　Between the early 1870‘s and the 1890‘s, the mounting agrarian discontent in America paralleled the almost uninterrupted decline in the prices of American agricultural products on foreign markets. (198 words)

­　　1870 年代早期到 1890 年代，美國高漲的農村不滿情緒，伴隨著美國農業產品在國際市場上價格幾乎不間斷的下跌。

­　　8. The author is primarily concerned with

­　　(A) showing that a certain interpretation is better supported by the evidence than is an alternative explanation

­　　(B) developing an alternative interpretation by using sources of evidence that formerly had been unavailable

­　　(C) questioning the accuracy of the evidence that most scholars have used to counter the author‘s own interpretation

­　　(D) reviewing the evidence that formerly had been thought to obscure a valid interpretation

­　　(E) presenting evidence in support of a controversial version of an earlier interpretation.

­　　選 A

­　　A 作者沒有否認 “ 農民不滿 ” 這個事實，而是對 F 提出的解釋提出了質疑，他先是用證據(句 2)否定了作者的證據(F 認為沒有新地了，實際上一直有)，然后提出了自己的解釋，是新的國際貿易格局中，蕭條波及了仍然有地的國家，導致產品價格一直下跌，農民才不滿。

­　　關于蕭條再說幾句，粗糙地理解，蕭條就是有糧食賣不出去。對于國內農業 frontier 已經關閉的國家，也就是原有的土地上產出的糧食的價格受影響;對于仍然不斷開墾新地的國家(比如十九世紀晚期美國)，形勢是糧食本來就賣不出去，還增加供給(墾種新地，增產)，那可以想象價格就會一直走低，越跌越低，農民當然不開心。

­　　9. According to the author, changes in the conditions of international trade resulted in an

­　　(A) underestimation of the amount of new land that was being famed in the United States

­　　(B) underutilization of relatively small but rich plots of land

­　　(C) overexpansion of the world transportation network for shipping agricultural products

­　　(D) extension of agrarian depressions beyond national boundaries

­　　(E) emphasis on the importance of market forces in determining the prices of agricultural products

­　　選 D

­　　見句 5，“Consequently, agrarian depressions no longer were local or national in scope, and they struck several nations whose internal frontiers had not vanished or were not about to vanish.”

­　　本句的 nations 當然包括美國，因為句 2 明確告訴我們，美國整個十九世紀及以后一直有 new lands 。

­　　10. The author implies that, after certain territories and countries had been joined into an interdependent market system in the nineteenth century, agrarian depressions within that system

­　　(A) spread to several nations, excluding those in which the internal frontier remained open

­　　(B) manifested themselves in several nations, including those in which new land remained available for farming

­　　(C) slowed down the pace of new technological developments in international communications and transportation

­　　(D) affected the local and national prices of the nonagricultural products of several nations

­　　(E) encouraged several nations to sell more of their agricultural products on foreign markets

­　　選 B

­　　見句 4、5、6 。

­　　11. The author‘s argument implies that, compared to the yearly price changes that actually occurred on foreign agricultural markets during the 1880‘s, American farmers would have most preferred yearly price changes that were

­　　(A) much smaller and in the same direction

­　　(B) much smaller but in the opposite direction

­　　(C) slightly smaller and in the same direction

­　　(D) similar in size but in the opposite direction

­　　(E) slightly greater and in the same direction

­　　選 D

­　　讓我們推測，1880 年代的美國農民，希望價格怎么變，用腳想都知道，他們希望價格大漲，他們好賺錢。

­　　changes (價格)波動，文中我們知道，美國農民一直不滿，價格一直在跌，所以只能從 opposite direction 里選，淘汰 ACE，B 是“漲一點(比跌幅小得多)”，D 是“跟跌幅程度差不多的漲幅”。當然選 D 。好，穿襪子吧。

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